ABSTRACT
Background Bromadiolone is the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide widely used all over the world. Exposure to bromadiolone in early life stage can lead to neurodevelopmental toxicity, but its toxic mechanism of neurodevelopment is not clear so far. Objective To investigate the developmental neurotoxicity and mechanism of bromadiolone to zebrafish embryos. Methods Zebrafish embryos were randomly divided into four groups: a solvent control group (dimethylsulphoxide) and three bromadiolone exposure groups (0.39, 0.78, and 1.18 mg·L−1). The exposure period was from 4 h to 120 h post-fertilization. The number of spontaneous movement per minute was recorded at 24 h post-treatment. The locomotor ability of zebrafish larvae and the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were tested at 120 h post-treatment. The relative expression levels of neurodevelopment-related genes (elavl3, gap43, mbp, and syn2a) were measured by fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results Compared with the control group, the number of spontaneous movement per minute at 24 h decreased significantly in the 1.18 mg·L−1 bromadiolone exposure group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the total distance travelled of the zebrafish larvae in the 0.78 and 1.18 mg·L−1 bromadiolone exposure groups decreased by 60% and 69% respectively (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the total movement time decreased by 34% and 65% respectively (P<0.05, P<0.01). The AChE activity in the 1.18 mg·L−1 bromadiolone exposure group increased by 36% when compared with the control group (P<0.05). The fluorescence quantitative PCR results showed that compared with the control group, the expression levels of neurodevelopment-related genes elavl3, syn2a, and mbp were significantly down-regulated by 66%, 69%, and 65% in the 1.18 mg·L−1 bromadiolone exposure group respectively (P<0.01), the expression level of gap43 was up-regulated by 56% in the 0.78 mg·L−1 bromadiolone exposure group (P<0.01) and down-regulated by 34% in the 1.18 mg·L−1 bromadiolone exposure group (P<0.05). Conclusion Bromadiolone exposure could inhibit spontaneous movement and locomotive behavior, down-regulate the expression levels of neurodevelopment-related genes, hinder the release of neurotransmitters, and result in neurodevelopmental toxicity in the early-staged zebrafish.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To investigate a mass incident of bromadiolone poisoning and analyze related clinical data.@*Methods@#An investigation was performed for a mass incident of bromadiolone poisoning in a place in Shandong, China in December 2015, and related clinical data were analyzed and summarized.@*Results@#This incident was a mass incident of bromadiolone poisoning caused by spreading poison. The poisoned patients had major clinical manifestations of bleeding and coagulation disorder and all of them were cured after comprehensive rescue, especially after intravenous drip of vitamin K1.@*Conclusion@#Bromadiolone poisoning can cause severe visceral hemorrhage and coagulation disorder, and intravenous drip of vitamin K1 has a good therapeutic effect.
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OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for simultaneous detection of 5 anticoagulant rodenticides including brodifacoum, bromadiolone, flocoumafen, warfarin and difenacoum in whole blood by high-performance liquid chromatogarphy. METHODS: The 0. 5 m L of blood sample was extracted by 2. 0 m L ethyl acetate,then separated by Diamonsil C18 column( 250. 0 mm × 4. 6 mm × 5. 0 μm) using acid-ammonium acetate( 20. 0 mmol / L,p H = 5. 5) /methyl alcohol( 2∶ 8,V / V) as a mobile phase and detected by diode-array detector under the ultraviolet spectrum of 310 nm through high-performance liquid chromatogarphy. RESULTS: The good linear range of the 5 anticoagulant rodenticides was0. 50-10. 00 mg / L,and the correlation coefficients were > 0. 999 00. The detection limits of brodifacoum,bromadiolone,flocoumafen,warfarin and difenacoum were 0. 08,0. 06,0. 09,0. 04 and 0. 10 mg / L and the lower limits of quantitation were 0. 79,0. 58,0. 92,0. 45 and 0. 96 mg / L,respectively. The recovery rate was 98. 40%-104. 00%. The within-run relative standard deviation( RSD) was 0. 61%-7. 84%,and the between-run RSD was 1. 10%-9. 62%. The samples can be stored for 14 days in the refrigerator at 4 ℃. CONCLUSION: The method has advantages of simple operation,good separating effect,high sensitivity,precision and accuracy,which is suitable for detection of whole blood samples in rodenticide poisoning patients.
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Objective:To share the experience of clinical cooperation of physicians and clinical pharmacists in the treatment of one case of rodenticide poisoning. Methods: One case of rodenticide poisoning was early diagnosed by physicians according to the con-sciousness disorder and coagulation dysfunction. Clinical pharmacists participated in the drug treatment actively through providing vita-min K1 at the dose of 30 mg·d-1 as the treatment dose and monitoring the effectiveness. Toxicology analysis was recommended, and 718 ng·ml-1 bromadiolone was found out in the blood samples. According to the long half-life of bromadiolone, the initial duration of treatment was set at 2-3 months, while follow-up plan and final duration of treatment were defined based on coagulation parameters and poison concentration monitoring results. Results:The patient recovered rapidly after hospitalization due to the cooperation of physicians and clinical pharmacists through quickly correcting diagnosis of physicians and actively participating in medication of clinical pharma-cists. After the 3-month treatment, the coagulation parameters of the patient were normal and the patient was discharged with follow-up. Conclusion:The collaboration of physicians and clinical pharmacists leads to the optimal regimen with early, full dose and long course of vitamin K1 therapy.
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Como resultado de una investigación impulsada por la justicia, se analizaron muestras provenientes de un posiblederrame intencional de plaguicidas sobre colmenas con abejas. En los análisis realizados se utilizó GC-MS previa extracción con solventes orgánicos. Debido a dificultades iniciales en la identificación de plaguicidas sobre tres de las muestras, se procedió alreprocesamiento de los cromatogramas utilizando selección de las relaciones de masas m/z 158, 173 y 143. Utilizando esa herramienta analítica se obtuvieron los correspondientes cromatogramas, y los espectros de masas con coincidencia frente al divulgado para el producto de descomposición de bromadiolona (PDB), determinando que tanto las abejas como las colmenas habían tenido contacto con bromadiolona (3-[3-(4-bromobifenil-4-il)- 3-hidroxi-1-fenilpropil]-4- hidroxicumarina), un anticoagulantecumarínico de utilización agraria para combatir roedores, que parece ser prácticamente no tóxico para las abejas según informes internacionales. Se observó que en la literatura no se halla propuesta una estructura química definida para el PDB, lo cual podría constituir el fundamento para encarar trabajos futuros con el fin de elucidar el comportamiento de la droga madre enel contexto del caso.
As a result of an investigation boosted by ordinary justice, samples from a probable deliberate spill of pesticide over bees and hives were analyzed. Solvent extractions and then GC-MS were used to perform the tests. Due to difficulties since the beginning in pesticide identification upon three samples, chromatograms were reprocessed using mass selection at m/z 158, 173 y 143 mass rates. The correspondent chromatograms were gathered by these analytical tool, and their mass spectrums were found coincident with the previously reported as bromadiolone decomposition product (BDP), showing that hives as well asbees had been in contact with bromadiolone (3-[3-(4-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)- 3-hydroxy-1-phenylpropyl]-4- hydroxycoumarin) - a coumarin rodenticide (anticoagulant) for agricultural use which seems to be, according to international reports, practically non toxic for bees. It was observed that in the literature has not been proposed a defined chemical structure for BDP, so this could bea challenge for a future research in order to clarify its behavior in a similar situation.
Subject(s)
Animals , /poisoning , Bees , Pesticides/poisoning , Environmental Exposure , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Rural AreasABSTRACT
This is a case report of bromadiolone poisoning, which was mistaken initially as a case of assault and homicide by the relatives and police. Bromadiolone acts by inhibiting vitamin K synthesis and produces multiple areas of bleeding that can bear a superficial resemblance to contusions. The history however, later revealed that the deceased had consumed a rat poison whose main constituent was bromadiolone. The clinical diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation was supported by the his-topathology findings, and the toxicological analysis confirmed the presence of bromadiolone. The antidote to this compound is vitamin K1 and in severe cases, whole blood or plasma also should be used. Once the patient has stabilized, and in less severe cases, vitamin K1 can be given orally.
ABSTRACT
Rats are among the most destructive of pests, ravaging crops and prepared food material. A variety of rodenticides are available in India for killing these pests, and among them, the most common compounds include zinc phosphide and bromadiolone. While there is little doubt that they are effective rodenticides, the flip side is that they are increasingly being employed for committing suicide, and even homicide. Thin layer chromatography, an inexpensive and relatively simple method for detecting various poisons has rarely been employed in detecting bromadiolone in biological materials. An attempt has therefore been made in this study to identify bromadiolone in biological samples. This can be employed in clinical and forensic cases as a preliminary test, which if necessary can subsequently be confirmed with more sophisticated analyses.